UNT GEOGRAPHY DEPT
GEOLOGY 1710 CHAPTER NOTES

1710 All Chapter Review

1. Exams consist of multiple choice, true/false and occasional fill in the blank.
2. Print your name (last name first) on both the test and the scantron.
3. Scantron forms will be provided.
4. Closed notes, open mind.
5. Caps must be worn with bill to the back.
6. There are sample questions at the end of this chapter reviews.
7. The following is a list of hints for the exam.
8. The final is not comprehensive.
9. Test questions may come from the text, lecture, notes or lab materials.
10. There may be questions on the exam over material from the text not covered in class.

Foundations of Geography

Geography. Scientific method. Five Fundamental Themes. System, Open vs Closed. Milutin Milankovitch: Eccentricity, Precession, Obliquity (Tilt). Equilibrium, Steady state positive verses negative feedback. Terms associated with geographic grid system: latitude, latitude, Prime Meridian and International Date Line, Great Circle and Small Circle. Map Scales, U.S.G.S. Remote Sensing. What is a GIS?

Solar Energy, Seasons, and the Atmosphere

Perihelion, Aphelion. Auroras, insolation, Solstice and Equinox. Classifications of the Atmosphere by composition, temperature, and function. Conditions found in each. Earth's Axis, tilt and rotation. Ultraviolet light. Concentrations of CO in Atmosphere, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide. Sun Spots, sub solar point, light year. Annual March of the Seasons, and five reasons for the seasons.

Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures

Net radiation, (ERB) Earth Radiation Budget. Absorption, Albedo, Conduction, Scattering, convection, advection, Net radiation. Heat Islands. Specific heat. What causes wind?Evaporation. Six natural controls on temperature. Six human controls on temperature.

Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation

Rossby waves, Coriolis force. Pressure gradient force. Friction. Hadley cells. Westerlies. Horse latitudes. Land and ocean breezes. Driving forces for wind. Coriolis force. Friction force.

Atmospheric Water and Weather

Meteorology. Percentage of fresh water distribution. Eustasy and Epiric. Unique properties of water, Phase changes solid, liquid, vapor. Sublimation. Latent heat of vaporization. Humidity, Relative Humidity. Dew point temperature. Specific Humidity. Instruments for measurements, hygrometer, sling psychrometer, wet-bulb thermometer, dry-bulb thermometer. Adiabatic processes, DAR, MAR, normal lapse rate, environmental lapse rate. Clouds, condensation nuclei. Types of clouds. Fogs, Advection fog, Evaporation fog, Upslope fog and valley fog. Radiation fog. Air masses classification according to moisture and temperature. Lifting mechanisms: convergent, convectional, orographic, and frontal. Rain Shadow, Types of fronts: Warm, Cold, Occluded. Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone. Thunderstorm facts. Lightning statistics, Hail stones the largest, Tornadoes. Hurricanes and typhoons.

Global Climate Systems

We will not directly lecture on this chapter. Please read because there will be some test question from this chapter. Climatology. K?n-Geiger. Classification of Climatic Regions. Climograph

Water Resources

Hydrologic Cycle. Transpiration. Evaporation. Evapotranspiration. Infiltration. Percolation. Water Balance Equation. (ACTET, SURPL. STRGE, POTET, DEFIC) Lysimeter. Wilting point. Field capacity. Soil moisture: hygroscopic, capillary, and gravitational water. Groundwater: zone of aeration, zone of saturation. Porosity, permeabability, aquifer, confined, unconfined, aquiclude, water table, recharge area, ground water mining, and cone of depression, Ogallala Aquifer.

Dynamic Planet

Geologic Time Scale. Uniformitarianism. Seismic Waves. Seismic waves. Magnetic reversal. Earth's interior: inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, oceanic crust, and continental crust, Moho. Geologic Cycle. Rock Cycle. Mineral. Rock. Igneous processes: Magma vs. lava. Intrusive events: pluton, batholith, dike, laccolith, sill. Sedimentary processes: stratigraphy, lithification, layering physical, chemical and biological sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic Processes: foliated nonfoliated, index minerals. Forces of metamorphism: heat pressure and fluids. Plate Tectonics: Wegener, Suess, Pangaea, Panthalasse, Continental Drift, Plate Tectonic theory, sea floor spreading divergent centers, subduction convergence centers Wadati-Benoiff zones, transform boundaries. Oceanic trenches. Magnetic reversals. Paleo-continents. Hot Spots.

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Topography. Crustal Deformation. Folding and warping: anticline, syncline. Types of Faulting: normal, reverse, and strike-slip and the forces that create faults. Basins and Domes. Orogenesis. Types of orogenies: O to C, O to O, C to C. Types of mountains: Volcanic, folded, fault block, and up-warp. Earthquakes: seismograph, Richter scale. Epicenter. Elastic and plastic deformation. Epicenter vs. focus. Volcanoes: Crater, lava, magma, and three types of volcanoes. Felsic, intermediate and mafic volcanism.

Weathering, Karst Landscapes, and Mass Movement

Geomorphology, Denudation. Base level and Ultimate base level, John Wesley Powell. Dynamic equilibrium model. Weathering processes: weathering, Regolith, differential weathering. Jenny's Soil Factors: S=f(Cl,O,R,P,T). Physical weathering processes: Physical and Chemical. Examples of physical and chemical weathering processes. (Dissolution or Solution), Hydrolysis, Oxidation. Spheroidal weathering is a shape!!!!! Exfoliation. Karst, karstification and karst topography. Necessary conditions for karst to develop. Sinkholes. Controls on Mass wasting: Classes of mass movement. Types of material. Types of motion. Rates of movement. Examples of each type of mass wasting event. Solifluction.

River Systems and Landforms

Wet Facts: How much water on earth. Definition of: erosion, transport, drainage basin, watershed, sheet flow, divides. Five affects on Infiltration. Runoff the beginning of the formation of a stream. Sheet flow, rills, master rills, intermittent streams, streams, rivers. Stream ordering. Stream Velocity. Stream Discharge Q=wdv. Base level, Ultimate Base level. Stages of stream development: youth, middle age, mature, and old age. Three basic types of streams: straight, meandering, and braided. Thalwag. Flood plain. Yazoo. Oxbow. Types of deltas: Lobe, fan, birdfoot, etc. Effects of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph. How winds transport sediment. Deflation. Four common types of dunes. Driest desert on Earth.

Wind and Desert Landscapes

Three types of plants found in Deserts. Distribution of deserts. Controls on distribution. Stoss and lee side of dunes. Desertification.

Oceans, Coastal Processes and Landforms

Matthew F. Maury, Father of Modern Oceanography. HMS challenger. Chemical composition in the oceans. Average salinity. Ocean physical structure: chemistry, major features, trenches, abyssal plains, reefs, three types of sea-floor sediment, ophiolites, mid-oceanic ridges. Harry Hess. Major topographic divisions: Shelf, rise, slope, abyssal plain, and mid-oceanic ridges. Submarine canyon, and turbidity currents and turbidite sequence. Guyotes. Tides: Spring versus neap. Wave formation: waves of transition versus waves of translation. Refracted waves. Longshore Drift. Longshore currents. Coastal outputs: Erosional versus depositional processes and landforms. Man made barriers: groins, jetties, etc.

Glacial

Glacial processes. Continental versus Alpine glaciers. Firn. Ablation. Accumulation. Rates of glacial movement. Glacier features and landforms. Moraine. Lateral moraine. Medial moraine. Fjord. Paternoster lakes. Tarn lake. Till. Outwash plains. Esker. Permafrost. Kame. Kettle. Roche Moutonnee. Drumlin. Hanging Valley. Horn. Cirque. Permafrost. Pluvial periods and pale lakes. Milutin Milankovitch Theory: obliquity, precession and eccentricity. What is snow? Blue ice. Glacial milk. Calving

Soils

Soils - Erosion - Jenny's soil factors (S=f(Cl,O,R,P,T). Regolith. Pedalfer. Pedacal. Soil types: pedocal vs. pedalfer. Soil profiles. Polypedon. Properties of Soils: color, texture, structure, porosity, consistence, moisture. Soul Chemistry: colloids, adsorption, cation exchange capacity, soil fertility, Acidity and alkalinity. Soil formation factors: dynamic, passive, and human. Soil Taxonomy 1938 system: zonal, axonal, intrazonal. 1968 and 1975 Soil Taxonomy. Pedogenic regimes (five important soil forming processes: lateralization, salinization, calcification, podzolization, and gleization. Twelve soil orders.

Ecosystems and Biomes

Ecosystem. Ecology. Biogeography. Biome. Essential abiotic and biotic components. Photosynthesis and respiration. Competitive exclusion principle. Communities, habitat and niche. Stomata. Producers, consumers and decomposers. Food Chain Herbivore, carnivore, and omnivore. Stability vs. diversity. Biodiversity. Ecological succession. Terrestrial succession. Pioneer community. Fire ecology. Aquatic succession vs. eutrofication. Ecotome.

Earth, Humans and Who Speaks for the Earth?

James Lovelock, Gaia Hypothesis. Who speaks for the Earth? Exxon Valdez oil-spill. Need for International Cooperation. 1992 Earth Summit in Rio Centro: Five key agreements. Johannesburg Summit 2002. Twelve paradigms for the 21at century.

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Sample questions

1. Geography studies the relationships among geographic areas, natural systems, society, cultural activities, and the interdependence of all the above in spatial relations.
• A. True
• B. False
2. Geography is governed more by a method than by a specific body of knowledge. The method involves spatial relations and process.
• A. True
• B. False
3. There are five key themes used to describe geographic education.
   • A. True
   • B. False

4. One of the five key themes uses to describe geography is, A Region. It is best described as, physical characteristics derived from geological, hydrological, and atmospheric conditions that produce surface conditions, as well as the human and observed characteristics in the created locations.
• A. True
• B. False
5. Systems are a very important to understanding earth functions. The three parts that make up our Biosphere include all of the following except?
• A. Atmosphere
• B. Hydrosphere
6. A discontinuous belt of thunderstorms located on the heat-equator not the geographical equator is called the ITCZ. What does ITCZ stand for?
• A. Intertropical conveyance zone
• B. InterTopographical convergence zone
• c. Inter thermometer confluence zone
• D. Intertropical convergence zone
• E. Interterminal convergence zone
7. Jet streams In the Northern Hemisphere are formed and influenced by all of the following except:
• A. Polar fronts
• B. Inter tropical convergence zone
• C. Coriolis effect
• D. Cold and warm air masses
• E. Associated with the effect of air temperature on air density
8. El Nino is identified by a series of events in the western Pacific. Which of the following is not associated with El Nino?
• A. Up welling off east coast of South America
• B. Trade winds in easterly direction
• C. Low pressure in eastern Pacific; high pressure in western Pacific
• D. Water temperature approximately 82.4F
9. La Nino is the term for normal conditions in the western Pacific.
• A. True
• B. False
10. El Nino is associated with the southern oscillation on the Pacific. It is best defined as a seesaw variation in air pressure between the eastern and western tropical Pacific, possibly resulting in the change in the thermocline.
• A. True
• B. False
11. The driest place on Earth is located in the _______________.
• A. Mohave Desert, Africa
• B. Sahara desert, Africa
• C. Atacama Desert, Chile
• D. Death Valley, California
12. Soil, a combination of mineral and organic matter, water and air is made up of approximately which of the following ratios?
• A. 50% mineral and organics
• B. 30% air and water
• C. 70% mineral and organics
• D. 50% water and air
• E. A and D
13. A layer of rock and mineral fragments that covers the Earth?s surface is called?
• A. Regal
• B. Regolith
• C. Regalia
• D. Regalement
14. Which of the following is not one of the three types of plants found in deserts?
• A. Xerophytes
• B. Mesophytes
• C. Hydrophytes
• D. Neophytes
15. Transportation of sediments in deserts is accomplished by bed load, suspension, and saltation. Saltation is the bouncing along of particles due to winds, and rarely are the particles more than a meter off the ground.
• A. True
• B. False
16. The specific location of an organism, where it resides or is biologically adapted to, best defines?
• A. Biotic
• B. Habitat
• C. Niche
• D. Parasite
• E. All of the above are appropriate
17. Refers to its function, or occupation within a given community?
• A. Habitat
• B. Niche
• C. Stable community
• D. Function
• E. None of the above

Please note:

Some topics were drawn from several chapters.

There may question from the book covering topics we have not covered.

There may be question from topics we may have talked about and I forgot to put on this review.

There may be logic questions requiring you to make connection between various concepts. It is only a test.

Just have fun.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Last Updated 13 September, 2006